100 Megaton Nuke - Thank God it was never built. However, Russia brought something almost unwelcome: the Bombay Czar meeting: On July 10, 1961, Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev summoned the Soviet Union's top nuclear weapons chief and ordered an immediate resumption of nuclear testing. After insulting America's young new President Kennedy at the Vienna summit in June, Khrushchev, according to Andrei Sakharov, was determined to "show the imperialists what we can do."
For two years, with their country in a voluntary nuclear test ban with the United States and Great Britain, Soviet nuclear scientists, including Andrei Sakharov, the "father of the Soviet hydrogen bomb," developed and perfected new weapon concepts and designs. Now they had to achieve better results in a very short time. Khrushchev wanted a political spectacle to shock and awe the West, and rightly so.
100 Megaton Nuke
At the XXII Congress of the Communist Party in October 1961 something special was demanded. It is not clear who proposed the 100 megaton bomb - Khrushchev or the gunners - but the prime minister ordered the preparation of the most powerful nuclear weapon ever created.
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It was only because Soviet scientists had a good idea of how to proceed that such a large bomb appeared. As Kerry Sublette of the Nuclear Weapons Archive website explains, “It's safe to assume that the 100 Mt bomb was a very conservative design – pushing no technical envelopes other than size. The two main reasons for this are a very tight development schedule and a very high profile of testing."
Really loud. Khrushchev's next step was on August 13, 1961 when East Germany began building the Berlin Wall. On August 31, the Prime Minister announced a new giant bomb and an abrupt end to the Soviet Union's voluntary embargo; The next day, a Soviet atmospheric nuclear test took place. The US responded within a month.
As the Cold War intensified, no time was spared. Andrei Sakharov's team at Arzamas-16, the "Los Alamos of the USSR," bypassed the careful mathematical analysis required to design a hydrogen bomb and instead designed Ivan the Great's aircraft using approximations. At the time, the largest device tested by the Soviets produced very little power, so Sakharov's team used clustering and staging to achieve 100 megatons.
By combining eight or more small hydrogen bombs and attaching them to clusters of thermonuclear fuel capsules,
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A bigger bomb can be made without any new technology. The resulting weapon is bulky, unsophisticated, but durable. It should be – failure is not an option.
It even seemed like there was going to be a bomb - a very big one. Like the giant Russian Tsar Bell and Tsar Cannon, this would be the Tsar Bomb.
Dependent on multi-megaton thermonuclear weapon levels. The first stage fission device generates heat, pressure and radiation that ignites nuclear fusion in the secondary fuel vessel, and the more fusion fuel there is, the more powerful the reaction. A third stage can be added by covering the second stage with weapons-grade uranium metal – a fusion reaction that splits the nucleus in the uranium shell and adds a multi-megaton output. A global three-stage thermonuclear weapon could be a very dirty bomb, with more than half of its power coming from fission, resulting in massive fallout.
The giant weapon – more than 26 feet long, nearly seven feet in diameter and weighing 27 tons – was designed, engineered and manufactured simultaneously. Assembly and testing of components took place in a workshop built above the railway platform. When it was ready, a locomotive hauled it to the airfield to be loaded onto a specially modified Tu-95N Bear A bomber.
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The large Tu-95N turboprop bomber, painted with a special white reflective paint to minimize blast damage, was too small for Ivan the Great to carry inside. Its bomb bay doors were removed and parts of the fuselage were cut away to fit the bomb halfway up the plane like a giant bloated remora.
The delivery plane must slow the bomb's fall to safely exit the blast; An imperial-sized parachute was required to slow the wagon-sized object filled with uranium and steel from flight speed. Ivan the Great's Chute swallowed much of the Soviet Union's nylon production in 1961, and the new Soviet women lamented the lack of underwear in the workers' paradise.
On October 30, 1961, under the watchful but distant gaze of the head of the State Commission, Major General Mykola Pavlov, and several special guests, the white Tu-95N and the on-board Tu-16 observatory flew 600 miles toward Novaya Zemlya. far away. , a large ice island in the Arctic Ocean.
As the plane approached the test site in Mytyushika Bay, Major Andrey Tarnovtsev and his crew checked instruments and donned heavy goggles. At 11:32 a.m. Moscow time, the Tu-95N fired its weapons, then skidded and landed sharply. Tsar Bomba fell in glory, its magnificently smooth mass, the size of an engine trailing a huge parachute, as it descended to ground zero.
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Ivan the Great exploded at 13,000 feet and its fireball almost reached the ground. His own shockwave, reflected off the surface of the new Earth, bounced upward from the five-mile-wide glowing sphere. Seismometers recorded an impact equivalent to a 5-magnitude earthquake. Buildings were flattened 30 miles away, and windows were blown out 500 miles away.
The flash was visible over 600 miles away, and the thermal pulse was felt over 165 miles away. The EMP pulse knocked out radio communications for hundreds of miles for over an hour. A huge mushroom cloud rose more than 20 miles through a hole in Earth's atmosphere.
The zero point is gone. "The surface of the land on the island has been leveled, scraped and licked, and it looks like a skating rink," the eyewitness said. "The same goes for the rocks. The snow melts, their sides and edges shine. There is not a trace of asymmetry in the ground... Everything in this area has been swept away, cleaned, melted, and blown away."
US agencies estimated the "Tsar bomb" at 57 million tons of TNT - no doubt a world record. Soviet scientists were capable of 50 megatons, but for decades their country happily adopted the superior American figure.
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And yet it can be even more powerful - up to 100 megatons. A month after the destruction of the Berlin Wall, Andrei Sakharov decided to replace the uranium shell of the third stage with steel, reducing the power of the bomb by 50%. As a result, for all its enormous power, Ivan the Great is the "cleanest" nuclear weapon ever tested, as it derives more than half of its power from nuclear fusion with very few radionuclides produced per megaton.
Leaving aside the stated political motive, the Tu-95N bomber was not a practical delivery platform as the only way to deliver Tsar bombs to the USSR: NATO fighters would have knocked the bulky aircraft out of the sky long before they could shoot it down. His big bombshell. You can count on your fingers the number of targets in Europe that would attract the bomb czar's attention. A single tsar-bomb would incinerate West Germany—if it got there.
Ivan the Great was a one-off, basically technical stunt. There are hints that a clean 50 megaton program is being considered for weapons, but nothing concrete. Interestingly, at the same time, American nuclear engineers, according to Alex Wallerstein, came up with breakthrough designs for high-power bombs. If atmospheric nuclear testing continues, the U.S. could test a 100-megaton weapon, half the size of Ivan the Great — light enough to combat it.
It is better to leave some toys in boxes. Andrei Sakharov came to this view after witnessing Tsar Bomba's test, and later became the Soviet Union's leading dissident and anti-nuclear intellectual. This is the greatest effect of Tsar Bomba. As the name suggests, we are talking about high yield nuclear weapons. how tall "
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” is American slang for a weapon over 50 megatons. This is research I've been doing for years - here's some of my earliest research from 2012...how time flies! - I'm glad he will finally see the light of day.
I really wanted this article to be a visual treat, and I'm very happy with the way the Bulletin presented it. Special thanks to their multimedia editor, Thomas Golkin, who I suspect was on this for almost the entire night.
The article is actually two intertwined stories. The first tells the story of the development of the famous Tsar Bomba, the 100 megaton monster bomb that was tested on October 30, 1961 (at half power). Everyone who knows about nuclear weapons has heard of Tsar Bomba, but its history has always held a kind of definite, judgmental quality to the English language. They are about the Soviet situation and Sakharov's rush to make the bomb, but I'm really impressed by the accounts you can get from reading Russian-language sources, which not only paint a very colorful and humane picture. Fill in lots of interesting details. I wanted to make it like a real story with a deep context. Of course, this is difficult to do with the available resources
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